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Children and young adolescents (aged below 15 years) represent about 11% of all people with tuberculosis (TB) globally. This means that 1.1 million children become ill with TB every year, almost half of them below five years of age. National TB programmes (NTPs) only notify less than half of these children, meaning that there is a large case detection gap (1).
Unless otherwise specified, the terms defined here apply as used in this document. They may have different meanings in other contexts.
Active (tuberculosis) case-finding: Provider-initiated screening and testing in communities by mobile teams, often using mobile X-ray and rapid molecular tests. The term is sometimes used synonymously with "systematic screening".
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
ANC
antenatal care
ART
antiretroviral treatment
BCG
bacille Calmette-Guérin
C(A)LHIV
The production and writing of the WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 5: management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents, 2022 was coordinated by Sabine Verkuijl, Annemieke Brands, Kerri Viney and Tiziana Masini, under the guidance of Farai Mavhunga, head of the TB Vulnerable Populations, Communities and Comorbidities unit and the overall direction of Tereza Kasaeva, Director of the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Tuberculosis (TB) Programme.
This section summarizes a series of complementary systematic reviews aimed at describing the risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) infection or progressing to TB disease in specific at-risk populations. It also provides a brief description of the effect of treatment on infectiousness.
The Global Tuberculosis Programme of the World Health Organization (WHO) gratefully acknowledges the contributions that many individuals and organizations (listed in Annex 1) have made to the development of these guidelines
The political declaration at the first United Nations (UN) high-level meeting on tuberculosis (TB) held on 26 September 2018 included commitments by Member States to four new global targets ³ , which were subsequently renewed at the second UN high-level meeting on TB on 22 September 2023⁴ . One of these targets is that at least 90 per cent of the estimated number of people who develop TB are reached with quality-assured diagnosis and treatment in the 5-year period 2023–2027³ .
