One or more of the following treatment adherence interventions (complementary and not
mutually exclusive) may be offered to patients on TB treatment or to health-care providers:
a) tracers and/or digital medication monitor;
b) material support to the patient;
c) psychological support to the patient;
d) staff education.

Amikacin may be included in the treatment of MDR/RR-TB patients aged 18 years or more on
longer regimens when susceptibility has been demonstrated and adequate measures to monitor
for adverse reactions can be ensured. If amikacin is not available, streptomycin may replace
amikacin under the same conditions.

In populations with known or suspected high levels of isoniazid resistance, new
TB patients may receive HRE as therapy in the continuation phase as an acceptable alternative to HR.

Xpert MTB/RIF should be used rather than conventional microscopy, culture and drug
susceptibility testing (DST) as the initial diagnostic test in adults and children suspected of
having HIV-associated TB or multidrug resistant TB.

The following options are recommended for the treatment of LTBI regardless of HIV status:
6 or 9 months of daily isoniazid, or a 3-month regimen of weekly rifapentine plus isoniazid,
or a 3-month regimen of daily isoniazid plus rifampicin.

Bedaquiline should be included in longer MDR-TB regimens for patients aged 18 years or more. Bedaquiline may also be included in longer MDR-TB regimens for patients aged 6–17 years.