OpiniãoThis operational handbook was prepared by Sabine Verkuijl, Annemieke Brands, Kerri Viney and Tiziana Masini, under the guidance of Farai Mavhunga and the overall direction of Tereza Kasaeva, Director of the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Tuberculosis (TB) Programme.
The WHO Global TB Programme gratefully acknowledges the contributions of all experts who were involved in the production of the operational handbook. Unless otherwise specified, those listed below work in the WHO Global TB Programme.
Chapter 1 (Introduction) was written by Annemieke Brands, with contributions from Sabine Verkuijl, Kerri Viney and Tiziana Masini.
Chapter 2 (Screening and contact investigation) was written by Annemieke Brands and Sabine Verkuijl, with contributions from Saskia Den Boon, Dennis Falzon, Cecily Miller and Kerri Viney. Examples of country experiences with implementation of facility- and community-based approaches for TB contact investigation were provided by the Unitaid-funded Catalyzing Pediatric Tuberculosis Innovation (CaP-TB) project of the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation (EGPAF), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement and Epicentre CONTACT study team.
Chapter 3 (Prevention of TB in children and adolescents) was compiled by Sabine Verkuijl, with contributions from Annemieke Brands, Dennis Falzon, Avinash Kanchar and Kerri Viney.
Chapter 4 (TB diagnostic approaches for children and adolescents) was written by Bryan Vonasek (Baylor College of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, United States of America) and Anna Maria Mandalakas (Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, United States). The treatment decision algorithms were developed by Kenneth S. Gunasekera (Yale School of Public Health, United States) and James A. Seddon (Imperial College London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; and Stellenbosch University, South Africa). Data on nasopharyngeal aspiration were provided by the Unitaid-funded TB-Speed project: Maryline Bonnet (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France), Laurence Borand (Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, Cambodia), Chishala Chabala (Lusuka University Teaching Hospital, Zambia), Guillaume Breton (SOLTHIS, France), Celso Khosa (Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Mozambique), Olivier Marcy and Joanna Orne-Gliemann (Université de Bordeaux, France), Raoul Moh (Programme PAC-CI, CHU de Treichville, Côte d’Ivoire), Juliet Mwanga Amumpaire (Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda), Jean-Voisin Taguebue (Chantal Biya Foundation, Cameroon) and Eric Wobudeya (Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda; and Makerere University – Johns Hopkins University, Uganda). Sabine Verkuijl, Kerri Viney, Annemieke Brands, Nazir Ismail, Alexei Korobitsyn, Charlie Nathanson and Lice Gonzalez Angulo contributed to the chapter.
Chapter 5 (Treatment of drug-susceptible and drug-resistant pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB in children and adolescents) was written by Alexander W. Kay and Anna Maria Mandalakas (Baylor College of Medicine, United States; sections on drug-susceptible TB); Anthony Garcia-Prats (University of Wisconsin, United States; and Stellenbosch University, South Africa), Anneke C. Hesseling and H. Simon Schaaf (Stellenbosch University, South Africa), James A. Seddon (Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Stellenbosch University, South Africa; section on drug-resistant TB treatment); and Marieke M. van der Zalm, H. Simon Schaaf, Ronald van Toorn, Regan Solomons, Pierre Goussard, Mari Thiart, Karen Du Preez, Michaile G. Anthony, Graeme Hoddinott and Anneke C. Hesseling (Stellenbosch University, South Africa; section on post-TB health), with contributions from Sabine Verkuijl, Kerri Viney, Annemieke Brands, Tiziana Masini, Fuad Mirzayev, Medea Gegia, Linh Nhat Nguyen and Samuel Schumacher.
Chapter 6 (Models of TB care for children and adolescents) was written by Moorine Sekkade (National TB and Leprosy Programme, Uganda), with contributions from Sabine Verkuijl, Annemieke Brands, Kerri Viney, Liana Oganezova, Dennis Falzon, Monica Diaz and Ernesto Jaramillo. Examples of country experiences with decentralized, family-centred, integrated approaches to child and adolescent TB services were provided by the Unitaid-funded CaP-TB project (EGPAF CaP-TB Headquarters and Country teams, EGPAF INPUT study team) and the Unitaid-funded TB-Speed project: Maryline Bonnet (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France), Laurence Borand (Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, Cambodia), Guillaume Breton (SOLTHIS, France), Celso Khosa (Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Mozambique), Olivier Marcy and Joanna Orne-Gliemann (Université de Bordeaux, France), Raoul Moh (Programme PAC-CI, CHU de Treichville, Côte d’Ivoire), Juliet Mwanga Amumpaire (Mbarara University of Science and technology, Uganda), Jean-Voisin Taguebue (Chantal Biya Foundation, Cameroon) and Eric Wobudeya (Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda; and Makerere University – Johns Hopkins University, Uganda). Cuc Tran and Brittany K. Moore (Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, United States) provided the examples on differentiated service delivery.
Chapter 7 (Special situations) was developed by Sabine Verkuijl, with contributions from Martina Penazzato and Ivy Kasiriye (WHO Global HIV, Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections Programme), Wilson Milton Were (WHO Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing), Marie-Charlotte Bouësseau, Elizabeth Gwyther and Anna Marie Ray (WHO Department of Integrated Health Services), Julia Downing (International Children Palliative Care Network, United Kingdom), Ernesto Jaramillo, Annemieke Brands and Kerri Viney. A review on the impact of TB on adolescent well-being, challenges to care provision, and recommendations for care optimization was conducted by Silvia S. Chiang (Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, United States), Patricia Moscibrodzki (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom), Leslie A. Enane (Indiana University School of Medicine, United States), with contributions from Margaux Amara, Meredith B. Brooks, Virginia Byron, Jennifer Furin (Harvard Medical School, United States), Sarah Bernays (University of Sydney, Australia; and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom), Yaroslava Bondarenko (Bogomolets National Medical University, Ukraine), Márcia Cortez Bellotti de Oliveria (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Andrea T. Cruz (Baylor College of Medicine, United States), Hernán Del Castillo Barrientos (Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño-Breña, Peru), Anthony Enimil (Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana; and Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana), Vivian Faith (Network of TB Champions in Kenya, Kenya), Gabriella Ferlazzo (Médecins Sans Frontières, South Africa), Rashida Abbas Ferrand (Rhode Island Hospital, United States; and Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Zimbabwe), Graeme Hoddinott (Stellenbosch University, South Africa), Petros Isaakidis (Médecins Sans Frontières, South Africa), Evgenia Karayeva (Brown School of Public Health, United States), Katharina Kranzer (Rhode Island Hospital, United States; and Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Zimbabwe), Homa Mansoor (Médecins Sans Frontières, India), Ben J. Marais (Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases; and University of Sydney, Australia), Lily Meyersohn (Rhode Island Hospital, United States), Victoria Oliva Rapoport (Alpert Medical School of Brown University, United States), Erika Mohr-Holland (Médecins Sans Frontières, South Africa), Anh Phuong Nguyen (TB Patients Community of Vietnam, Hanoi, Viet Nam), Joshua Ochieng Oliyo (Committee of African Youth Advisors, Kenya), Clemax Couto Sant’Anna (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Saning’o Saruni (Haydom Lutheran Hospital, United Republic of Tanzania), Susan M. Sawyer (Royal Children’s Hospital, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, and University of Melbourne, Australia), H. Simon Schaaf (Stellenbosch University, South Africa), James A. Seddon (Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Stellenbosch University, South Africa), Sangeeta Sharma (National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, India), Alena Skrahina (Republican Research and Practical Centre for Pulmonology and TB, Belarus), Jeffrey R. Starke (Baylor College of Medicine, United States), Tania A. Thomas (University of Virginia, United States), Rina Triasih (Universitas Gadjah Mada and Dr Sardjito Hospital, Indonesia), Bazarragchaa Tsogt (Mongolian Tuberculosis Coalition, Mongolia), Henry Welch (Baylor College of Medicine, United States; and University of Papua New Guinea, Papua New Guinea) and Olga Zvonareva (Maastricht University, Netherlands). Findings from the Unitaid-funded TB-Speed pneumonia study were provided by Maryline Bonnet (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, France), Laurence Borand (Pasteur Institute, Cambodia), Chishala Chabala (University of Zambia, Zambia), Celso Khosa (Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Mozambique), Olivier Marcy (Université de Bordeaux, France), Raoul Moh (Programme PAC-CI, CHU de Treichville, Côte d’Ivoire), Juliet Mwanga Amumpaire (Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda), Jean-Voisin Taguebue (Chantal Biya Foundation, Cameroon) and Eric Wobudeya (Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda; and Makerere University – Johns Hopkins University, Uganda).
The WHO Global TB Programme also acknowledges Ben Marais (University of Sydney, Australia) for background work on the classification of intrathoracic TB disease in children; Elin Svensson (Radboud University Medical Center, Netherlands; and Uppsala University, Sweden) for background work on dosing of bedaquiline and delamanid; and Kelly Dooley (Johns Hopkins University, United States), Paolo Denti and Roeland Wasmann (University of Cape Town, South Africa) for background work on dosing of the short intensive TB meningitis regimen. Paolo Denti and Roeland Wasmann are also acknowledged for their work on the updated table on dosing of medicines used in second-line multidrug-resistant TB regimens in annex 6.
The external review group was composed of Jeffrey P. Acaba (APCASO, Thailand), Farhana Amanullah (Indus Hospital, Pakistan), Martina Casenghi (Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Switzerland), Charlotte Colvin (United States Agency for International Development, United States), Fernanda Dockhorn Costa (Ministry of Health, Brazil), Anne Detjen (United Nations Children’s Fund, United States), Jennifer Furin (Harvard Medical School, United States), Christopher Gilpin (International Organization for Migration, Switzerland), Stephen Graham (University of Melbourne, Australia), Anneke C. Hesseling (Stellenbosch University, South Africa), Evaline Kibuchi (Kenya AIDS NGOs Consortium, Kenya), Blessi Kumar (Global Coalition of TB Activists, India), Ben Marais (University of Sydney, Australia), Olivier Marcy (Université de Bordeaux, France), Lindsay McKenna (Treatment Action Group, United States), Lisa Obimbo (Nairobi University, Kenya), Anna Scardigli (Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Switzerland), James A. Seddon (Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Stellenbosch University, South Africa), Moorine Sekadde (National TB and Leprosy Programme, Uganda), Alena Skrahina (National TB Programme, Belarus) and Rina Triasih (Sardjito Hospital, Indonesia).
The writing, design and layout of this operational handbook were made possible by funding provided by Unitaid, the United States Agency for International Development and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.