The recommendations and remarks in this policy guideline on tuberculosis (TB) are the result of the collaborative effort of professionals from a range of specialties. The World Health Organization (WHO) is grateful for their time and support. There were separate Guideline Development Groups (GDGs) for each of the guidelines that have been included in these consolidated guidelines; hence, the acknowledgements provided below are specific to each WHO guideline.
Targeted next-generation sequencing for detection of TB drug resistance
WHO steering group
The preparation of this section of the guidelines was overseen by Nazir Ismail and Cecily Miller, with input from Annabel Baddeley, Mathieu Bastard, Anna Dean, Dennis Falzon, Alexei Korobitsyn, Fuad Mirzayev, Carl-Michael Nathanson, Samuel Schumacher, Kerri Viney and Matteo Zignol (all from the WHO Global TB Programme); Ana Aceves Capri (WHO Medical Devices and Diagnostics); Susie Braniff (WHO In Vitro Diagnostics Assessment); Soudeh Ehsani (WHO Regional Office for Europe); Jean Iragena (WHO Regional Office for Africa); Maria Mercedes Perez Gonzalez (WHO Evidence to Policy); and Kalpeshsinh Rahevar (WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific).
Guideline development group
Jeremiah Chakaya Muhwa, Chair (Respiratory Society of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya); Nimalan Arinaminpathy (Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland [United Kingdom]); David Branigan (Treatment Action Group, New York, United States of America [USA]); Daniela Cirillo (San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Supranational Reference Laboratory [SRL], Milan, Italy); Petra de Haas (KNCV TB Plus, The Hague, Netherlands (Kingdom of the)); Patricia Hall-Eidson (US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, [CDC] Atlanta, USA); Rumina Hasan (Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan); Sirinapha Jittimanee (Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand); Kobto Koura (International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France); Blessina Kumar (Global Coalition of TB Advocates, New Delhi, India); Nicole Menezes de Souza (Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil); Norbert Ndjeka (National Department of Health in South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa); Mark Nicol (The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia); Thomas Shinnick (Independent Consultant, Atlanta, USA); Hojoon Soon (Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea); Sabira Tahseen (National TB Programme [NTP], Islamabad, Pakistan); Ezio Tavora Dos Santos (Brazilian TB Research Network, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil); Nguyen Viet Nhung (Hanoi Lung Hospital, Hanoi, Viet Nam); Elisabetta Walters (Stellenbosch University and Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom); and Yanlin Zhao (Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention [China CDC], Beijing, China).
External review group
Farzana Ismail (National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa); Katharina Kranzer (London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine [LSHTM], London, United Kingdom); Nagalineswaran Kumarasamy (Voluntary Health Services Infectious Diseases Medical Centre, Chennai, India); and Mitarai Satoshi and John Metcalfe (University of California San Francisco, USA).
Methodologist
Tamara Kredo (South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa).
Systematic review team
Review of diagnostic accuracy: Phu Phan Trieu and Timonthy Walker (Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam).
Review of and research into costs and cost–effectiveness: Patrick Galange, Suvesh Shrestha and Alice Zwerling (University of Ottawa, Canada).
Review of and research into user perspectives, feasibility and acceptability: Natalie Leon (Independent consultant, Charleston, USA).
Observers
Rebecca Colman (Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics [FIND]), San Diego, USA); Sarah Cook-Scalise (United States Agency for International Development [USAID], New York, USA); Smiljka De Lussigny (Unitaid, Geneva, Switzerland); Anisa Ghadrshenas (Unitaid, Geneva, Switzerland); Brian Kaiser (Global Drug Facility, Geneva, Switzerland); Heather Mclaughlin (CDC, Atlanta, USA); Anita Suresh (FIND, Singapore); and Wayne Van Gemert (Stop TB Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland).
Funding
Funding from USAID and UNITAID is gratefully acknowledged. The views of the funding agencies have not influenced the development and content of these guidelines.
Molecular assays intended as initial tests
WHO steering group
The development of this section of the guidelines was overseen by Alexei Korobitsyn with input from Dennis Falzon, Cecily Miller, Charalampos (Babis) Sismanidis, Irwin Law, Philippe Glaziou, Katherine Floyd, Fuad Mirzaev, and Anna Stukalova (all WHO Global TB Programme), Lara Vojnov and Sathvinder Singh (both WHO Global HIV Programme), Sadia Siddiqui (model list of essential in vitro diagnostics [EDL] secretariat), Jean de Dieu Iragena (WHO Regional Office for Africa) under the overall coordination of Matteo Zignol and Karin Weyer (WHO Global TB Programme) and the direction of Tereza Kasaeva (Director of the WHO Global TB Programme).
Guideline development group
Viet Nhung Nguyen (Co-Chair), National TB Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Holger Schünemann (Co-Chair), McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Denise Arakaki-Sanchez, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil; David Branigan, Treatment Action Group, New York, USA; Petra de Haas, KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, Hague, Netherlands (Kingdom of the); Patricia Hall, CDC, Atlanta, USA; Rumina Hasan, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Nagalineswaran Kumarasamy, Chief Medical Officer, YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Voluntary Health Services, Chennai, India; Leen Rigouts, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Brussels, Belgium; Thomas Shinnick, independent consultant, Atlanta, USA; Sabira Tahseen, National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Ministry of National Health Services Regulations and Coordination, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan; Ezio Tavora Dos Santos Filho, Civil Society Task Force Member, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Mercy Annapoorani Thiruthuvadoss, Blossom Trust, Tamil Nadu, India; Carrie Tudor, TB Project Director, International Council of Nurses, Durban, South Africa; Diana Vakhrusheva, National Medical Research Center of Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation; Anna Vassall, Reader in Health Economics, LSHTM, London, United Kingdom; and Zhao Yanlin, National Center for TB Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China.
External review group
Martina Casenghi, Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Washington, USA; Jeremiah Chakaya Muhwa, International Union Against TB and Lung Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya; Moses Joloba, Uganda SRL, Kampala, Uganda; Katharina Kranzer, LSHTM, London, United Kingdom; Lindiwe Mvusi, NTP, Pretoria, South Africa; Norbert Ndjeka, NTP, Pretoria, South Africa; Marieke van der Werf, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden; Francis Varaine, Médecins Sans Frontières, Paris, France.
Systematic review team
Flor Lucia Gonzalez Fernandez, International AIDS Society, Geneva, Switzerland; Frederick Haraka, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, United Republic of Tanzania; David J Horne, University of Washington, Seattle, USA; Alexander Kay, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA; Mikashmi Kohli, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Anna M Mandalakas, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA; Eleanor Ochodo, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Klaus Reither, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, United Republic of Tanzania; Karen Steingart, Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Portland, USA; Yemisi Takwoingi, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Jerry Zifodya, Tulane University, New Orleans, USA; and Alice Zwerling, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Canada.
Consultants with additional technical expertise
Daniela Cirillo, San Raffaele SRL, Milan, Italy; Luis Cuevas, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Nora Engel, Maastricht University, Netherlands (Kingdom of the); Anisa Hajizadeh, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Nazir Ismail, Centre for Tuberculosis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa; Tamara Lotfi, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Adam Penn-Nicholson, FIND, Geneva, Switzerland; Samuel Schumacher, FIND, Geneva, Switzerland; Rosa Stalteri, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; and Elisabetta Walters, Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, SouthAfrica.
Observers
Karen Heichman, Innovative Technology Solutions, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, USA; Tamara Kredo, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Amy Piatek, USAID, Washington, USA; Morten Ruhwald, FIND, Geneva, Switzerland; Raynal Squires, Public Health Laboratories, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt; Wayne van Gemert, TB Diagnostics Market Strategies, Stop TB Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland; and Mohammed Yassin, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Geneva, Switzerland.
Funding
Funding from USAID, through the USAID–WHO consolidated grant no. US-2016–0961, is gratefully acknowledged. The views of the funding agency have not influenced the development and content of these guidelines.
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification
WHO steering group
Christopher Gilpin, Alexei Korobitsyn, Fuad Mirzayev, Wayne van Gemert and Karin Weyer (all at WHO Global TB Programme). This section of the document was prepared by Christopher Gilpin and Alexei Korobitsyn, with input from Wayne van Gemert and Karin Weyer (all at WHO Global TB Programme), on the basis of consensus agreed at a GDG meeting convened by WHO via an online webinar on 16 January 2016.
Guideline development group
Jan Brozek (McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Chair/Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluations [GRADE] methodologist), Jeremiah Chakaya Muhwa (Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya), Gavin Churchyard (Aurum Institute for Health Research [Aurum Institute], Johannesburg, South Africa), Daniela Maria Cirillo (San Raffaele Hospital [HSR] San Raffaele Scientific Institute/TB SRL, Italy), Paul Klatser (Royal Tropical Institute, Netherlands (Kingdom of the)), Arata Kochi (independent consultant, Switzerland), Satoshi Mitarai (Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Japan), Beatrice Mutayoba (Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, United Republic of Tanzania), Ingrid Oxley Oxland (Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South Africa), Thomas M. Shinnick (independent consultant, USA), Karen Steingart (Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom), Wendy Stevens (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa), Francis Varaine (Médecins Sans Frontières, Paris, France), Anna Vassall (LSHTM, London, United Kingdom) and Yasuhiro Yasutomi (National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Japan).
External review group
Kathleen England (KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, Hague, Netherlands (Kingdom of the)), Levan Gagnidze (International Organization for Migration, Bangkok, Thailand), Rumina Hassan (TB SRL Pakistan, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan), Nazir Ismail (TB SRL, National Institute of Communicable Diseases, South Africa), Richard Lumb (Adelaide TB SRL, Australia), Enos Masini (NTP, Kenya), Alaine Nyaruhirira (Management Sciences for Health, South Africa), Somsak Rienthong (Bangkok TB SRL, Thailand), Leen Rigouts (Institute of Tropical Medicine, Brussels, Belgium) and Maria Alice Telles (Management Sciences for Health, Brazil).
Systematic review team
Adithya Cattamanchi (lead author, systematic review; San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco [UCSF], San Francisco, USA), Katherine Farr (San Francisco General Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, USA), Priya B. Shete (San Francisco General Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, USA), Hojoon Sohn (lead author, economic evaluation; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada) and Luke Strnad (San Francisco General Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, USA).
Funding
Funding from USAID is gratefully acknowledged through USAID–WHO Consolidated Grant No. GHA-G-00-09-00003/US-2014-741.
First-line line probe assay
WHO steering group
Christopher Gilpin, Alexei Korobitsyn, Fuad Mirzayev and Wayne van Gemert and Karin Weyer (all at WHO Global TB Programme). This section of the document was prepared by Christopher Gilpin and Alexei Korobitsyn, with input from Karin Weyer (all at the WHO Global TB Programme), on the basis of consensus agreed at a GDG meeting convened by WHO in Montreux, Switzerland, on 2 March 2016.
Guideline development group
Holger Schünemann (Chair/methodologist; McMaster University, Canada), Gavin Churchyard (Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa), Daniela Maria Cirillo (HSR San Raffaele Scientific Institute/TB SRL, Italy), Chris Coulter (Queensland Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory, Australia), Greg Fox (University of Sydney, Australia), Moses Joloba (National Reference Laboratory of the National TB and Leprosy Programme, Uganda), James Posey (CDC, USA), Michael Rich (Partners in Health, USA), Leen Rigouts (Institute of Tropical Medicine, Brussels, Belgium), Thomas M. Shinnick (independent consultant, USA), Rebecca Tadokera (Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa) (unable to attend), Marie Alice Telles (independent TB laboratory consultant for the Pan American Health Organization, Brazil) and Francis Varaine (Médecins Sans Frontières, Paris, France).
External review group
Heather Alexander (CDC, USA), Martina Casenghi (Médecins Sans Frontières Access Campaign, Switzerland), Kathleen England (KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, Hague, Netherlands (Kingdom of the)), Rumina Hasan (TB SRL Pakistan, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan), Nazir Ismail (TB SRL, National Institute of Communicable Diseases, South Africa), Beatrice Lopez (Buenos Aires TB SRL, Argentina), Richard Lumb (Adelaide TB SRL, Australia), Satoshi Mitarai (Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Japan), Alaine Umubyeyi Nyaruhirira (Management Sciences for Health, South Africa), Rohit Sarin (LRS Institute of TB and Respiratory Diseases, India) and Alena Shrahina (NTP, Belarus).
Systematic review team
Patrick Cudahy (Yale Medical Center, USA), Claudia M. Denkinger (FIND, Switzerland), Ruvandhi R. Nathavitharana (Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, USA), Madhukar Pai (McGill University, Montreal, Canada), Samuel G. Schumacher (FIND, Switzerland) and Karen Steingart (Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom).
Observers
Sevim Ahmedov (USAID, USA), Emmanuelle Cambau (Groupe Hospitalier LariboisièreFernand Widal, France), David Dolinger (FIND, Switzerland), Miranda Langendam (University of Amsterdam, Netherlands (Kingdom of the)), Thomas Schön (Kalmar County Hospital and Linköping University, Sweden) and Belay Tessema (FIND, Switzerland).
Funding
Funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation as well as USAID through USAID–WHO consolidated grant no. GHA-G-00-09-00003/US-2014-741 is gratefully acknowledged.
Second-line line probe assay
WHO steering group
Christopher Gilpin, Alexei Korobitsyn, Fuad Mirzayev, Dennis Falzon, Matteo Zignol and Karin Weyer (all at WHO Global TB Programme). This section of the document was prepared by Christopher Gilpin and Alexei Korobitsyn, with input from Karin Weyer (all at the WHO Global TB Programme), on the basis of consensus agreed at a GDG meeting convened by WHO in Montreux, Switzerland, on 2 March 2016.
Guideline development group
Holger Schünemann (Chair/methodologist; McMaster University, Canada), Gavin Churchyard (Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa), Daniela Maria Cirillo (HSR San Raffaele Scientific Institute/TB SRL, Italy), Chris Coulter (Queensland Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory, Australia), Greg Fox (University of Sydney, Australia), Moses Joloba (National Reference Laboratory of the National TB and Leprosy Programme, Uganda), James Posey (CDC, USA), Michael Rich (Partners in Health, USA), Leen Rigouts (Institute of Tropical Medicine, Brussels, Belgium), Thomas M. Shinnick (independent consultant, USA), Rebecca Tadokera (Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa) (unable to attend), Marie Alice Telles (independent TB laboratory consultant for the Pan American Health Organization, Brazil) and Francis Varaine (Médecins Sans Frontières, Paris, France).
External review group
Heather Alexander (CDC, USA), Martina Casenghi (Médecins Sans Frontières Access Campaign, Switzerland), Kathleen England (KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, Hague, Netherlands (Kingdom of the)), Rumina Hasan (TB SRL Pakistan, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan), Nazir Ismail (TB SRL, National Institute of Communicable Diseases, South Africa), Beatrice Lopez (Buenos Aires TB SRL, Argentina), Richard Lumb (Adelaide TB SRL, Australia), Satoshi Mitarai (Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Japan), Alaine Umubyeyi Nyaruhirira (Management Sciences for Health, South Africa), Rohit Sarin (LRS Institute of TB and Respiratory Diseases, India) and Alena Shrahina (NTP, Belarus).
Systematic review team
Karen Steingart, Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Portland, USA; Grant Theron, Stellenbosch University, Department of Biomedical Sciences.
Observers
Sevim Ahmedov (USAID, USA), Emmanuelle Cambau (Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, France), Miranda Langendam (University of Amsterdam, Netherlands (Kingdom of the)), Thomas Schön (Kalmar County Hospital and Linköping University, Sweden) and Belay Tessema (FIND, Switzerland).
Funding
Funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation as well as USAID through USAID–WHO consolidated grant no. GHA-G-00-09-00003/US-2014-741 is gratefully acknowledged.
Lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan assay
WHO steering group
The development of this section of the guidelines was overseen by Christopher Gilpin and Alexei Korobitsyn with input from Annabel Baddeley, Licé González-Angulo and Fuad Mirzayev (all at WHO Global TB Programme), WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, and Meg Doherty, Satvinder Singh and Lara Vojnov (all at WHO HIV Department), WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, under the overall coordination of Karin Weyer (WHO Global TB Programme) and the direction of Tereza Kasaeva (Director of the WHO Global TB Programme). The guidelines were drafted by Alexei Korobitsyn with input from Annabel Baddeley, Christopher Gilpin and Lara Vojnov on the basis of consensus achieved at the GDG meeting, 14–16 May 2019.
Guideline development group
Holger Schünemann, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada (Chair); Heather Alexander, CDC, Atlanta, USA; Gavin Churchyard, Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa; Kathleen England, Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland; Rumina Hasan, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Diane Havlir, UCSF, San Francisco, USA; Nagalineswaran Kumarasamy, Chief Medical Officer, YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Voluntary Health Services, Chennai, India; Gracia Violeta Ross Quiroga, TB civil society representative, La Paz, Bolivia (Plurinational State of); Kenly Sikwese, Coordinator, African Community Advisory Board (AfroCAB), Lusaka, Zambia; Wendy Stevens, National Health Laboratory Services and Medical School – University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Carrie Tudor, TB Project Director, International Council of Nurses, Durban, South Africa; and Anna Vassall, Reader in Health Economics, LSHTM, London, United Kingdom.
External review group
Maria Alice da Silva Telles, Management Sciences for Health, São Paulo, Brazil; Levan Gagnidze, International Organization for Migration, Bangkok, Thailand; Jamilya Ismailova, Project HOPE, Tajikistan; Andrei Maryandyshev, Northern University, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation; Alaine Nyaruhirira, Management Sciences for Health, Pretoria, South Africa; Rohit Sarin, Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India; and Francis Varaine, Médecins Sans Frontières, Paris, France.
Systematic review team
Stephanie Bjerrum, Department of Clinical Research, Research Unit of Infectious Diseases / Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Southern Denmark / Odense University Hospital (co-hosted by the Aga Khan University Hospital), Nairobi, Kenya; Maunankh Shah, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for TB Research and Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA; Karen Steingart, Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Portland, USA; and Alice Zwerling, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Canada.
Consultants with additional technical expertise
Nim Arinaminpathy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Claudia Denkinger, Division of Tropical Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Nora Engel, Maastricht University, Netherlands (Kingdom of the); Helena Huerga, Epicentre / Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium; Emmanuel Moreau, FIND, Geneva, Switzerland; Krishna Reddy, Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Cambridge, USA; Saskia Ricks, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Samuel Schumacher, FIND, Geneva, Switzerland; and Rita Szekely, FIND, Geneva, Switzerland.
Observers
Patricia Hall, TB and Clinical Monitoring, CDC, Atlanta, USA; Karen Heichman, Innovative Technology Solutions, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, USA; and Wayne van Gemert, TB Diagnostics Market Strategies, Stop TB Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland.
Funding
Funding from USAID, through the USAID–WHO consolidated grant no. US-2016–0961, is gratefully acknowledged. The views of the funding agency have not influenced the development and content of these guidelines.
Nucleic acid amplification tests for detection of TB and DR-TB¹
WHO steering group
The preparation of this section of the guidelines was overseen by Nazir Ismail and Alexei Korobitsyn with input from Dennis Falzon, Cecily Miller, Fuad Mirzayev, Lice Gonzalez-Angulo, Anna Dean, Annabel Baddeley, Carl-Michael Nathanson (all WHO Global TB Programme), Lara Vojnov (WHO Global HIV Programme), Mersedes Gonzalez (WHO Innovation, Access and Use) and Soudeh Ehsani (WHO Regional Office for Europe).
Guideline development group
Holger Schünemann, Co-Chair, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada (methodologist); Jeremiah Chakaya Muhwa, Co-Chair, International Union Against TB and Lung Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya; Denise Arakaki-Sanchez, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil; David Branigan, Treatment Action Group, New York, USA; Daniela Cirillo, San Raffaele Supranational TB Reference Laboratory (SRL), Milan, Italy; Celina Anna Maria Garfin, NTP, Manila, Philippines; Petra de Haas, KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, Netherlands (Kingdom of the); Patricia Hall, CDC, Atlanta, USA; Rumina Hasan, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Aga Khan University, SRL Karachi, Pakistan; Xia Hui, National Reference Laboratory for TB, and National Center for TB Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China; Farzana Ismail, Centre for Tuberculosis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD)/National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), and WHO SRL, Johannesburg, South Africa; Katharina Kranzer, LSHTM, Harare, Zimbabwe; Blessina Kumar, Global Coalition of TB Activists, India; Nagalineswaran Kumarasamy, YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRG Care), Voluntary Health Services, Chennai, India; Lindiwe Mvusi, NTP, Pretoria, South Africa; Viet Nhung Nguyen, National TB Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Mark Nicol, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Leen Rigouts, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Brussels, Belgium; Thomas Shinnick, Independent Consultant, Atlanta, USA; Hojoon Sohn, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA; Sabira Tahseen, National TB Control Programme, Ministry of National Health services regulations and coordination, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan; Ezio Tavora dos Santos Filho, Civil Society Task Force Member, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Carrie Tudor, TB Project Director, International Council of Nurses, Durban, South Africa; Diana Vakhrusheva, National Medical Research Center of Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation; Elisabetta Walters, Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
External review group
Lucilaine Ferrazoli, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, San Paulo, Brazil; Alaine Umubyeyi Nyaruhirira, Management Sciences for Health, South Africa; Elisa Tagliani, San Raffaele Supranational TB Reference Laboratory, Milan, Italy; Francis Varaine, Médecins Sans Frontières, Paris, France; Danila Zimenkov, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow, Russian Federation.
Systematic review team
Mikashmi Kohli, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Samuel Schumacher, FIND, Geneva, Switzerland; Karen Steingart, Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Portland, USA; Grant Theron, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Annelies Van Rie, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Michael Whitfield, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Alice Zwerling, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Canada; Sazia Naz, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Canada; Brianna Empringham, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Canada; Nora Engel, Department of Health, Ethics and Society, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands (Kingdom of the); Ricky Janssen, Department of Health, Ethics and Society, CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands (Kingdom of the); Muthoni Mwaura, Department of Health, Ethics and Society, CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands (Kingdom of the).
Observers
Elie Akl, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Draurio Cravo Neto Barreira, Unitaid, Geneva, Switzerland; Fatim Cham-Jallow, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Geneva, Switzerland; Margaretha de Vos, FIND, Geneva, Switzerland; Brian Kaiser, Global Drug Facility, Stop TB Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland; Gloriah Kerubo Moses, Ambassador for Youth and Adolescent Reproductive Health Programme (AYARHEP) board member, Nairobi, Kenya; Amy Piatek, USAID, Washington, USA; Morten Ruhwald, FIND, Geneva, Switzerland; Srinath Satyanarayana, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, New Dehli, India; Wayne Van Gemert, TB Diagnostics Market Strategies, Stop TB Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland.
Funding
Funding from USAID and from the Russian Federation, through Russian Federation – WHO consolidated grant no. REM-RUS-030, is gratefully acknowledged. The views of the funding agencies have not influenced the development and content of these guidelines.
¹ Moderate complexity automated NAATs; Low complexity automated NAATs and High complexity hybridization-based NAATs