Acknowledgements

The recommendations and remarks in this policy guideline on tuberculosis (TB) are the result of the collaborative effort of professionals from a range of specialties. The World Health Organization (WHO) is grateful for their time and support. There were separate Guideline Development Groups (GDGs) for each of the guidelines that have been included in these consolidated guidelines; hence, the acknowledgements provided below are specific to each WHO guideline.

Molecular assays intended as initial tests¹

GUIDELINE DEVELOPMENT GROUP

Viet Nhung Nguyen (Co-Chair), National TB Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Holger Schünemann (Co-Chair), McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Denise Arakaki-Sanchez, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil; David Branigan, Treatment Action Group, New York, United States of America (USA); Petra de Haas, KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, Hague, Netherlands; Patricia Hall, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA; Rumina Hasan, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Nagalineswaran Kumarasamy, Chief Medical Officer, YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Voluntary Health Services, Chennai, India; Leen Rigouts, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Brussels, Belgium; Thomas Shinnick, independent consultant, Atlanta, USA; Sabira Tahseen, National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Ministry of National Health Services Regulations and Coordination, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan; Ezio Tavora Dos Santos Filho, Civil Society Task Force Member, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Mercy Annapoorani Thiruthuvadoss, Blossom Trust, Tamil Nadu, India; Carrie Tudor, TB Project Director, International Council of Nurses, Durban, South Africa; Diana Vakhrusheva, National Medical Research Center of Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation; Anna Vassall, Reader in Health Economics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (United Kingdom); and Zhao Yanlin, National Center for TB Control, China CDC, Beijing, China.

EXTERNAL REVIEW GROUP

Martina Casenghi, Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Washington, USA; Jeremiah Chakaya Muhwa, International Union Against TB and Lung Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya; Moses Joloba, Uganda Supranational Reference Laboratory (SRL), Kampala, Uganda; Katharina Kranzer, LSHTM, London, United Kingdom; Lindiwe Mvusi, NTP, Pretoria, South Africa; Norbert Ndjeka, NTP, Pretoria, South Africa; Marieke van der Werf, ECDC, Stockholm, Sweden; Francis Varaine, Médecins Sans Frontières, Paris, France.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW TEAM

Flor Lucia Gonzalez Fernandez, International AIDS Society, Geneva, Switzerland; Frederick Haraka, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, United Republic of Tanzania; David J Horne, University of Washington, Seattle, USA; Alexander Kay, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA; Mikashmi Kohli, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Anna M Mandalakas, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA; Eleanor Ochodo, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Klaus Reither, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, United Republic of Tanzania; Karen Steingart, Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Portland, USA; Yemisi Takwoingi, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Jerry Zifodya, Tulane University, New Orleans, USA; and Alice Zwerling, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Canada.

CONSULTANTS WITH ADDITIONAL TECHNICAL EXPERTISE

Daniela Cirillo, San Raffaele SRL, Milan, Italy; Luis Cuevas, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Nora Engel, Maastricht University, Netherlands; Anisa Hajizadeh, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Nazir Ismail, Centre for Tuberculosis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa; Tamara Lotfi, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Adam Penn-Nicholson, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland; Samuel Schumacher, FIND, Geneva, Switzerland; Rosa Stalteri, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; and Elisabetta Walters, Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.

OBSERVERS

Karen Heichman, Innovative Technology Solutions, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, USA; Tamara Kredo, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Amy Piatek, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Washington, USA; Morten Ruhwald, FIND, Geneva, Switzerland; Raynal Squires, Public Health Laboratories, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt; Wayne van Gemert, TB Diagnostics Market Strategies, Stop TB Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland; and Mohammed Yassin, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Geneva, Switzerland.

WHO STEERING COMMITTEE

Work on these guidelines was overseen by Alexei Korobitsyn with input from Dennis Falzon, Cecily Miller, Charalampos (Babis) Sismanidis, Irwin Law, Philippe Glaziou, Katherine Floyd, Fuad Mirzaev, and Anna Stukalova (all WHO Global TB Programme), Lara Vojnov and Sathvinder Singh (both WHO Global HIV Programme), Sadia Siddiqui (EDL secretariat), Jean de Dieu Iragena (WHO/AFRO) under the overall coordination of Matteo Zignol and Karin Weyer (WHO Global TB Programme) and the direction of Tereza Kasaeva (Director of the WHO Global TB Programme).

FUNDING

Funding from USAID, through the USAID–WHO consolidated grant no. US-2016-0961, is gratefully acknowledged. The views of the funding agency have not influenced the development and content of these guidelines.

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification

The relevant section of this document was prepared by Christopher Gilpin and Alexei Korobitsyn, with input from Wayne van Gemert and Karin Weyer (all at WHO Global TB Programme), on the basis of consensus agreed at a GDG meeting convened by WHO via an online webinar on 16 January 2016.

WHO STEERING GROUP

Christopher Gilpin, Alexei Korobitsyn, Fuad Mirzayev, Wayne van Gemert and Karin Weyer (all at WHO Global TB Programme).

MEMBERS OF THE WHO GDG

Jan Brozek (McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Chair/GRADE methodologist), Jeremiah Chakaya Muhwa (Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya), Gavin Churchyard (Aurum Institute for Health Research [Aurum Institute], Johannesburg, South Africa), Daniela Maria Cirillo (San Raffaele Hospital [HSR] San Raffaele Scientific Institute/TB SRL, Italy), Paul Klatser (Royal Tropical Institute, Netherlands), Arata Kochi (independent consultant, Switzerland), Satoshi Mitarai (Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Japan), Beatrice Mutayoba (Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, United Republic of Tanzania), Ingrid Oxley Oxland (Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South Africa), Thomas M. Shinnick (independent consultant, USA), Karen Steingart (Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom), Wendy Stevens (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa), Francis Varaine (Médecins Sans Frontières, Paris, France), Anna Vassall (LSHTM, London, United Kingdom) and Yasuhiro Yasutomi (National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Japan).

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AUTHORS

Adithya Cattamanchi (lead author, systematic review; San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco [UCSF], San Francisco, USA), Katherine Farr (San Francisco General Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, USA), Priya B. Shete (San Francisco General Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, USA), Hojoon Sohn (lead author, economic evaluation; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada) and Luke Strnad (San Francisco General Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, USA).

EXTERNAL REVIEW GROUP

Kathleen England (KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, Hague, Netherlands), Levan Gagnidze (International Organization for Migration, Bangkok, Thailand), Rumina Hassan (TB SRL Pakistan, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan), Nazir Ismail (TB SRL, National Institute of Communicable Diseases, South Africa), Richard Lumb (Adelaide TB SRL, Australia), Enos Masini (National TB Programme, Kenya), Alaine Nyaruhirira (Management Sciences for Health, South Africa), Somsak Rienthong (Bangkok TB SRL, Thailand), Leen Rigouts (Institute of Tropical Medicine, Brussels, Belgium) and Maria Alice Telles (Management Sciences for Health, Brazil).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF FINANCIAL SUPPORT

Funding from USAID is gratefully acknowledged through USAID–WHO Consolidated Grant No. GHA-G-00-09-00003/US-2014-741.

First-line line probe assay

The relevant section of this document was prepared by Christopher Gilpin and Alexei Korobitsyn, with input from Karin Weyer (all at the WHO Global TB Programme), on the basis of consensus agreed at a GDG meeting convened by WHO in Montreux, Switzerland, on 2 March 2016.

WHO STEERING GROUP

Christopher Gilpin, Alexei Korobitsyn, Fuad Mirzayev and Wayne van Gemert and Karin Weyer (all at WHO Global TB Programme).

MEMBERS OF THE WHO GDG

Holger Schünemann (Chair/methodologist; McMaster University, Canada), Gavin Churchyard (Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa), Daniela Maria Cirillo (HSR San Raffaele Scientific Institute/TB SRL, Italy), Chris Coulter (Queensland Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory, Australia), Greg Fox (University of Sydney, Australia), Moses Joloba (National Reference Laboratory of the National TB and Leprosy Programme, Uganda), James Posey (CDC, USA), Michael Rich (Partners in Health, USA), Leen Rigouts (Institute of Tropical Medicine, Brussels, Belgium), Thomas M. Shinnick (independent consultant, USA), Rebecca Tadokera (Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa) (unable to attend), Marie Alice Telles (independent TB laboratory consultant for the Pan American Health Organization, Brazil) and Francis Varaine (Médecins Sans Frontières, Paris, France).

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AUTHORS

Patrick Cudahy (Yale Medical Center, USA), Claudia M. Denkinger (FIND, Switzerland), Ruvandhi R. Nathavitharana (Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, USA), Madhukar Pai (McGill University, Montreal, Canada), Samuel G. Schumacher (FIND, Switzerland) and Karen Steingart (Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom).

OBSERVERS

Sevim Ahmedov (USAID, USA), Emmanuelle Cambau (Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, France), David Dolinger (FIND, Switzerland), Miranda Langendam (University of Amsterdam, Netherlands), Thomas Schön (Kalmar County Hospital and Linköping University, Sweden) and Belay Tessema (FIND, Switzerland).

EXTERNAL REVIEW GROUP

Heather Alexander (CDC, USA), Martina Casenghi (Médecins Sans Frontières Access Campaign, Switzerland), Kathleen England (KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, Hague, Netherlands), Rumina Hasan (TB SRL Pakistan, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan), Nazir Ismail (TB SRL, National Institute of Communicable Diseases, South Africa), Beatrice Lopez (Buenos Aires TB SRL, Argentina), Richard Lumb (Adelaide TB SRL, Australia), Satoshi Mitarai (Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Japan), Alaine Umubyeyi Nyaruhirira (Management Sciences for Health, South Africa), Rohit Sarin (LRS Institute of TB and Respiratory Diseases, India) and Alena Shrahina (National TB Programme, Belarus).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF FINANCIAL SUPPORT

Funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation as well as USAID through USAID–WHO consolidated grant no. GHA-G-00-09-00003/US-2014-741 is gratefully acknowledged.

Second-line line probe assay

The relevant section of this document was prepared by Christopher Gilpin and Alexei Korobitsyn, with input from Karin Weyer (all at the WHO Global TB Programme), on the basis of consensus agreed at a GDG meeting convened by WHO in Montreux, Switzerland, on 2 March 2016.

WHO STEERING GROUP

Christopher Gilpin, Alexei Korobitsyn, Fuad Mirzayev, Dennis Falzon, Matteo Zignol and Karin Weyer (all at WHO Global TB Programme).

MEMBERS OF THE WHO GDG

Holger Schünemann (Chair/methodologist; McMaster University, Canada), Gavin Churchyard (Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa), Daniela Maria Cirillo (HSR San Raffaele Scientific Institute/TB SRL, Italy), Chris Coulter (Queensland Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory, Australia), Greg Fox (University of Sydney, Australia), Moses Joloba (National Reference Laboratory of the National TB and Leprosy Programme, Uganda), James Posey (CDC, USA), Michael Rich (Partners in Health, USA), Leen Rigouts (Institute of Tropical Medicine, Brussels, Belgium), Thomas M. Shinnick (independent consultant, USA), Rebecca Tadokera (Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa) (unable to attend), Marie Alice Telles (independent TB laboratory consultant for the Pan American Health Organization, Brazil) and Francis Varaine (Médecins Sans Frontières, Paris, France).

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AUTHORS

Karen Steingart, Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Portland, USA; Grant Theron, Stellenbosch University, Department of Biomedical Sciences.

OBSERVERS

Sevim Ahmedov (USAID, USA), Emmanuelle Cambau (Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, France), Miranda Langendam (University of Amsterdam, Netherlands), Thomas Schön (Kalmar County Hospital and Linköping University, Sweden) and Belay Tessema (FIND, Switzerland).

EXTERNAL REVIEW GROUP

Heather Alexander (CDC, USA), Martina Casenghi (Médecins Sans Frontières Access Campaign, Switzerland), Kathleen England (KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, Hague, Netherlands), Rumina Hasan (TB SRL Pakistan, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan), Nazir Ismail (TB SRL, National Institute of Communicable Diseases, South Africa), Beatrice Lopez (Buenos Aires TB SRL, Argentina), Richard Lumb (Adelaide TB SRL, Australia), Satoshi Mitarai (Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Japan), Alaine Umubyeyi Nyaruhirira (Management Sciences for Health, South Africa), Rohit Sarin (LRS Institute of TB and Respiratory Diseases, India) and Alena Shrahina (National TB Programme, Belarus).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF FINANCIAL SUPPORT

Funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation as well as USAID through USAID–WHO consolidated grant no. GHA-G-00-09-00003/US-2014-741 is gratefully acknowledged.

Lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan assay

GUIDELINE DEVELOPMENT GROUP

Holger Schünemann, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada (Chair); Heather Alexander, CDC, Atlanta, USA; Gavin Churchyard, Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa; Kathleen England, Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland; Rumina Hasan, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Diane Havlir, UCSF, San Francisco, USA; Nagalineswaran Kumarasamy, Chief Medical Officer, YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Voluntary Health Services, Chennai, India; Gracia Violeta Ross Quiroga, TB civil society representative, La Paz, Bolivia (Plurinational State of); Kenly Sikwese, Coordinator, African Community Advisory Board (AfroCAB), Lusaka, Zambia; Wendy Stevens, National Health Laboratory Services and Medical School – University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Carrie Tudor, TB Project Director, International Council of Nurses, Durban, South Africa; and Anna Vassall, Reader in Health Economics, LSHTM, London, United Kingdom.

EXTERNAL REVIEW GROUP

Maria Alice da Silva Telles, Management Sciences for Health, São Paulo, Brazil; Levan Gagnidze, International Organization for Migration, Bangkok, Thailand; Jamilya Ismailova, Project HOPE, Tajikistan; Andrei Maryandyshev, Northern University, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation; Alaine Nyaruhirira, Management Sciences for Health, Pretoria, South Africa; Rohit Sarin, Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India; and Francis Varaine, Médecins Sans Frontières, Paris, France.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW TEAM

Stephanie Bjerrum, Department of Clinical Research, Research Unit of Infectious Diseases / Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Southern Denmark / Odense University Hospital (co-hosted by the Aga Khan University Hospital), Nairobi, Kenya; Maunankh Shah, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for TB Research and Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA; Karen Steingart, Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Portland, USA; and Alice Zwerling, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Canada.

CONSULTANTS WITH ADDITIONAL TECHNICAL EXPERTISE

Nim Arinaminpathy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Claudia Denkinger, Division of Tropical Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Nora Engel, Maastricht University, Netherlands; Helena Huerga, Epicentre / Médecins Sans Frontières, Brussels, Belgium; Emmanuel Moreau, FIND, Geneva, Switzerland; Krishna Reddy, Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Cambridge, USA; Saskia Ricks, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Samuel Schumacher, FIND, Geneva, Switzerland; and Rita Szekely, FIND, Geneva, Switzerland.

OBSERVERS

Patricia Hall, TB and Clinical Monitoring, CDC, Atlanta, USA; Karen Heichman, Innovative Technology Solutions, Global Health, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, USA; and Wayne van Gemert, TB Diagnostics Market Strategies, Stop TB Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland.

WHO STEERING COMMITTEE

Work on these guidelines was overseen by Christopher Gilpin and Alexei Korobitsyn with input from Annabel Baddeley, Licé González-Angulo and Fuad Mirzayev (all at WHO Global TB Programme), WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, and Meg Doherty, Satvinder Singh and Lara Vojnov (all at WHO HIV Department), WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, under the overall coordination of Karin Weyer (WHO Global TB Programme) and the direction of Tereza Kasaeva (Director of the WHO Global TB Programme).

The guidelines were drafted by Alexei Korobitsyn with input from Annabel Baddeley, Christopher Gilpin and Lara Vojnov on the basis of consensus achieved at the GDG meeting, 14–16 May 2019.

Technical editing was provided by Hilary Cadman and her team at Cadman Editing Services, Australia.

FUNDING

Funding from USAID, through the USAID–WHO consolidated grant no. US-2016-0961, is gratefully acknowledged. The views of the funding agency have not influenced the development and content of these guidelines.

Nucleic acid amplification tests for detection of TB and DR-TB ²

GUIDELINE DEVELOPMENT GROUP

Kenya; Denise Arakaki-Sanchez, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil; David Branigan, Treatment Action Group, New York, United States of America (USA); Daniela Cirillo, San Raffaele Supranational TB Reference Laboratory (SRL), Milan, Italy; Celina Anna Maria Garfin, National TB Programme (NTP), Manila, Philippines; Petra de Haas, KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, Netherlands; Patricia Hall, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA; Rumina Hasan, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Aga Khan University, SRL Karachi, Pakistan; Xia Hui, National Reference Laboratory for TB, and National Center for TB Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China; Farzana Ismail, Centre for Tuberculosis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD)/National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), and WHO SRL, Johannesburg, South Africa; Katharina Kranzer, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Harare, Zimbabwe; Blessina Kumar, Global Coalition of TB Activists, India; Nagalineswaran Kumarasamy, YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRG Care), Voluntary Health Services, Chennai, India; Lindiwe Mvusi, NTP, Pretoria, South Africa; Viet Nhung Nguyen, National TB Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Mark Nicol, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Leen Rigouts, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Brussels, Belgium; Thomas Shinnick, Independent Consultant, Atlanta, USA; Hojoon Sohn, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA; Sabira Tahseen, National TB Control Programme, Ministry of National Health services regulations and coordination, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan; Ezio Tavora dos Santos Filho, Civil Society Task Force Member, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Carrie Tudor, TB Project Director, International Council of Nurses, Durban, South Africa; Diana Vakhrusheva, National Medical Research Center of Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases, Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation; Elisabetta Walters, Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.

EXTERNAL REVIEW GROUP

Lucilaine Ferrazoli, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, San Paulo, Brazil; Alaine Umubyeyi Nyaruhirira, Management Sciences for Health, South Africa; Elisa Tagliani, San Raffaele Supranational TB Reference Laboratory, Milan, Italy; Francis Varaine, Médecins Sans Frontières, Paris, France; Danila Zimenkov, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow, Russian Federation.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW TEAM

Mikashmi Kohli, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Samuel Schumacher, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland; Karen Steingart, Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Portland, USA; Grant Theron, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Annelies Van Rie, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Michael Whitfield, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Alice Zwerling, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Canada; Sazia Naz, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Canada; Brianna Empringham, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Canada; Nora Engel, Department of Health, Ethics and Society, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Ricky Janssen, Department of Health, Ethics and Society, CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Muthoni Mwaura, Department of Health, Ethics and Society, CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.

OBSERVERS

Elie Akl, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Draurio Cravo Neto Barreira, Unitaid, Geneva, Switzerland; Fatim Cham-Jallow, The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Geneva, Switzerland; Margaretha de Vos, FIND, Geneva, Switzerland; Brian Kaiser, Global Drug Facility, Stop TB Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland; Gloriah Kerubo Moses, Ambassador for Youth and Adolescent Reproductive Health Programme (AYARHEP) board member, Nairobi, Kenya; Amy Piatek, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Washington, USA; Morten Ruhwald, FIND, Geneva, Switzerland; Srinath Satyanarayana, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, New Dehli, India; Wayne Van Gemert, TB Diagnostics Market Strategies, Stop TB Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland.

WHO STEERING COMMITTEE

Work on these guidelines was overseen by Nazir Ismail and Alexei Korobitsyn with input from Dennis Falzon, Cecily Miller, Fuad Mirzayev, Lice Gonzalez-Angulo, Anna Dean, Annabel Baddeley, Carl-Michael Nathanson (all WHO Global TB Programme), Lara Vojnov (WHO Global HIV Programme), Mersedes Gonzalez (WHO Innovation, Access and Use) and Soudeh Ehsani (WHO Regional Office for Europe).

FUNDING

Funding from the Russian Federation, through Russian Federation—WHO consolidated grant no. REM-RUS-030, is gratefully acknowledged. The views of the funding agency have not influenced the development and content of these guidelines.

Technical editing by Cadman and design by Inis Communication.

¹ Xpert MTB/RIF and Xpert MTB/RIF (Ultra); Truenat MTB, Truenat MTB Plus and Truenat MTB-RIF Dx

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